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[40], Khrushchev opposed the alliance between Beria and Malenkov but he was initially unable to challenge them. This was the pre-arranged signal to Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and a group of armed officers in a nearby room, who burst in and arrested Beria. Although he did not rise to full membership until 1946, he was by then one of the senior leaders of the Soviet state. Lavrentij Pavlovitj Berija også Lavrenti Beria (russisk: Лаврентий Павлович Берия, tr. That prompted a "frantic" dash for their own limousines to intercept him at the Kremlin. Such charges deeply disturbed Beria, as he had directly ordered the sale of large amounts of Czech arms to Israel. Beria ordered the executions of Devdariani's brothers George and Shalva, who held important positions in the Cheka and the Communist Party respectively. Beria’s men were guarding the Kremlin, so the officers had to wait until nightfall before smuggling him out in the back of a car. He was from the Mingrelian subethnic group of Georgians and grew up in a Georgian Orthodox family. Bunker, where Lavrentiy Beria was executed On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested and held in an undisclosed location near Moscow. [citation needed] In September, Beria was appointed head of the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD, and in November he succeeded Yezhov as NKVD head. "[55] After taking an interest in Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov's daughter-in-law during a party at their summer dacha, Beria shadowed their car closely all the way back to the Kremlin, terrifying Voroshilov's wife. Beria gave Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania serious prospects of national autonomy, possibly similarly to other Soviet satellite states in Europe. Lavrenti Pavlovitsj Beria (Russisch: Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия, Georgisch: ლავრენტი ბერია, Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria) (Mercheoeli, 29 maart 1899 – Moskou, 23 december 1953) was een Sovjet-Russisch politicus van Georgische afkomst (de zogenoemde 'Georgische groep' binnen de communistische partij, waar ook Stalin toe behoorde). The play is a fictionalised account of the events leading up to Stalin's death. Beria was the longest-lived and most influential of Stalin's secret police chiefs, wielding his most substantial influence during and after World War II. However, the new NKVD chief, Sergei Kruglov, was not a Beria man. Beria administered the vast expansion of the Gulag labour camps, and was primarily responsible for overseeing the secret detention facilities for scientists and engineers known as sharashkas. He was a member of the Georgian Mingrelian ethnic group and grew up in a Georgian Orthodox family. The document was signed by an LB, believed by Grant (and the mysterious Tip Tok-Toh) to be Lavrentiy Beria (written as Lavrenti Beria in the novel). Stalin gave it absolute priority, and the project was completed in under five years.[4]. [21] Starting in 1948, Abakumov initiated several investigations against these leaders, which culminated with the arrest in November 1952 of Rudolf Slánský, Bedřich Geminder, and others in Czechoslovakia. "[24], Calling a doctor was deferred for a full 12 hours after Stalin was rendered paralysed, incontinent and unable to speak. During this time, he began to attack fellow members of the Georgian Communist Party, particularly Gaioz Devdariani, who served as Minister of Education of the Georgian SSR. With Stalin gone, Beria quickly came to an understanding with Georgi Malenkov, an old ally, and was given the combined ministries of State Security and Internal Affairs, which put him in control of both the secret and the regular police as well as a small private army of infantry divisions. When Beria complimented Alexander Poskrebyshev's daughter on her beauty, Poskrebyshev quickly pulled her aside and instructed her, "Don't ever accept a lift from Beria. [23] Lozgachev tried to explain to Beria that the unconscious Stalin (still in his soiled clothing) was "sick and needed medical attention". The Espresso Stalinist. [53], According to official testimony, in Soviet archives, of Colonel Rafael Semyonovich Sarkisov and Colonel Sardion Nikolaevich Nadaraia – two of Beria's bodyguards – on warm nights during the war Beria was often driven around Moscow in his limousine. The historical consensus is that Khrushchev prepared an elaborate ambush, convening a meeting of the Presidium on 26 June, where he suddenly launched a scathing attack on Beria, accusing him of being a traitor and spy in the pay of British intelligence. Beria's mother, Marta Ivanovna, was a deeply religious, church-going woman (she spent so much time in church that she died there); she was previously married and widowed before marrying Beria's father, Pavel Khukhaevich Beria, a landowner fr… Beria is described as the boss of the Soviet state's security and is in attendance at a meal with the main character and Stalin. She was a widow before marrying Beria's father, Pavel Khukhaevich Beria (1872–1922), a landowner from Abkhazia. He then raped her, telling her: "Scream or not, it doesn't matter." He was taken first to the Lefortovo Prison and subsequently to the headquarters of General Moskalenko, commander of Moscow District Air Defence, where he was imprisoned in an underground bunker. Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (or Lavrentiy Beria) (29 March 1899– 23 December 1953) was the leader of the secret police of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin 's regime. Shortly after Stalin's death, Beria announced triumphantly to the Politburo that he had "done [Stalin] in" and "saved [us] all", according to Molotov's memoirs. [citation needed]. Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure, Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance, This page was last edited on 23 January 2021, at 04:59. [19] Kruglov and Abakumov moved expeditiously to replace Beria's men in the security apparatus leadership with new people. Accounts of Beria's fall vary considerably. The "Doctors' plot" was presumably invented by Stalin as an excuse to dismiss Beria and replace him with Ignatyev or some other MGB functionary. [10] When Stalin's purge of the Communist Party and government began in 1934 after the assassination of Leningrad party boss Sergei Kirov (1 December 1934), Beria ran the purges in Transcaucasia. [citation needed], Beria and all the other defendants were sentenced to death on the day of the trial. Lavrentij Pavlovítsj Beria (Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия á kyrillísku letri; ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია á georgísku) (29. mars 1899 – 23. desember 1953) var sovéskur stjórnmálamaður, hermarskálkur Sovétríkjanna og lengi formaður leyniþjónustunnar NKVD í stjórnartíð Jósefs Stalín. In this dual capacity, he formed a troika with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov, that briefly led the country in Stalin's place. Lavrenti Beria, Self: Velikoye proshchaniye. Lavrentiy Beria is one of the most infamous politicians of the 20th century, whose activities are still widely discussed in modern society. Beria was born in Merkheuli, near Sukhumi, in the Sukhum Okrug of the Kutais Governorate (now Gulripshi District, Abkhazia, Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire). [note 1], Beria was taken first to the Moscow guardhouse and then to the bunker of the headquarters of Moscow Military District. Stalin personally never thought much of it, and neither commented publicly on his performance nor awarded him recognition (i.e. The assertion that Stalin was poisoned by Beria's associates has been supported by Edvard Radzinsky and other authors.[31][27][32][33]. In 1944, as Russia had repelled the German invasion, Beria was placed in charge of the various ethnic minorities accused of anti-sovietism and/or collaboration with the invaders, including the Balkars, Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Pontic Greeks, and Volga Germans. He was a member of the Georgian Mingrelian ethnic group and grew up in a Georgian Orthodox family. Beria was 54, if it was really him. [30] Alliluyeva noticed how the Politburo seemed openly frightened of Beria and unnerved by his bold display of ambition. Beria (DEMOCRATIE TOTALITARISME) | Thom, Françoise | ISBN: 9782204101585 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. In one case, Beria picked up Tatiana Okunevskaya, a well-known Soviet actress, under the pretence of bringing her to perform for the Politburo. Beria, who went on to run the Soviet network of slave-labour camps, was notorious for his sadistic enjoyment of torture and his taste for beating and raping women and violating young girls. La urma urmei este vorba despre Lavrenti Beria, încarnarea terorii comuniste, artizanul gulagurilor şi mâna dreaptă a lui Iosif Stalin, cel mai mare călău din istorie. Beria was the longest-lived and most influential of Stalin's secret police chiefs, wielding his most substantial influence during and after World War II. Transliteration Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija; * 17. Beria attended the Baku Polytechnicum and joined the Bolsheviks in … In 1941, Beria was made a Commissar General of State Security, the highest quasi-military rank within the Soviet police system of that time, effectively comparable to a Marshal of the Soviet Union. [51] Simon Sebag-Montefiore, a biographer of Stalin, concluded the information "reveals a sexual predator who used his power to indulge himself in obsessive depravity". [5] Beria also had a brother (name unknown), and a deaf sister named Anna. Lavrenti Pavlovitch Beria (em georgiano ლავრენტი ბერია, transl. Also, by the summer of 1946, Beria's man Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov was replaced as head of the Ministry for State Security (MGB) by Viktor Abakumov. At the opening of Kingsley Amis' The Alteration, Lavrentiy Beria figures as "Monsignor Laurentius", paired with the similarly black-clad cleric "Monsignor Henricus" of the Holy Office (i.e., the Inquisition); the one to whom Beria was compared by Stalin in our own timeline: Heinrich Himmler. Lavrenti Beria Tout-puissant chef de la police soviétique Beria a été pendant de longues années le bras droit de Staline. [56] The Russian government acknowledged Sarkisov's handwritten list of Beria's victims in 2003; the victims' names will be released in 2028. Molotov and others quickly spoke against Beria one after the other, followed by a motion by Khrushchev for his instant dismissal. He questioned the traditional policy of Russification and encouraged local officials to assert their own identities. Beria's mother, Marta Ivanovna, was a deeply religious, church-going woman (she spent so much time in church that she died there); she was previously married and widowed before marrying Beria's father, Pavel Khukhaevich Beria, a landowner fr… Millions of innocent Soviet citizens were killed by NKVD police rulled by Beria. In the mid 1990s, the skeletal remains of several young women were discovered in the garden of his Moscow villa (now the Tunisian Embassy). Involved in revolutionary activities from his teens and head of the secret police in Georgia in his twenties, he supervised the ruthless 1930s purges in the region and arrived in Moscow in 1938 as deputy to Nikolai Yezhov, ‘the blood-thirsty dwarf’, head of the Soviet secret police. In 1942, when the Race 's Conquest Fleet invaded Earth, Beria was critical to … Toutes les recherches récentes seront supprimées. In the uneasy silence following the cessation of Stalin's last agonies, Beria was the first to dart forward to kiss his lifeless form (a move likened by Sebag-Montefiore to "wrenching a dead King's ring off his finger"). Beria’s son Sergo believed this and says he was told of his father’s death on June 26th. These men were frequently accused of Zionism, "rootless cosmopolitanism", and providing weapons to Israel. Although Beria's name is closely identified with the Great Purge because of his activities while deputy head of the NKVD, his leadership of the organisation marked an easing of the repression begun under Yezhov. Lavrenty Beria | Biography, Facts, & Execution | Britannica [28], After Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Beria's ambitions sprang into full force. Although banned in the Soviet Union for its semi-allegorical critique of Stalinism, it premiered at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival, winning the FIPRESCI Prize, Grand Prize of the Jury, and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury. In 1953, Nikita Krushchev ordered Beria to be executed as a traitor. He asked, "What's going on, Nikita Sergeyevich? Accounts of Beria's fall vary considerably. Lavrentij Pavlovítsj Beria (Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия á kyrillísku letri; ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია á georgísku) (29. mars 1899 – 23. desember 1953) var sovéskur stjórnmálamaður, hermarskálkur Sovétríkjanna og lengi formaður leyniþjónustunnar NKVD í stjórnartíð Jósefs Stalín. Beria is a significant character in the alternate history/alien invasion novel series Worldwar by Harry Turtledove as well as the Axis of Time series by John Birmingham. His close ally Malenkov was the new Premier and initially the most powerful man in the post-Stalin leadership. But it was not to be. Georgian film director Tengiz Abuladze based the character of dictator Varlam Aravidze on Beria in his 1984 film Repentance. Beria - Le Janus du Kremlin (Politique) (French Edition) eBook: Francoise Thom, Françoise Thom: Amazon.de: Kindle-Shop In 1953, Nikita Krushchev ordered Beria to be executed as a traitor. Finden Sie perfekte Stock-Fotos zum Thema Lavrenti Beria sowie redaktionelle Newsbilder von Getty Images. A coup d'état by Nikita Khrushchev, with help from Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov in June 1953, removed Beria from power. Khrushchev then tried to draw Malenkov to his side, warning that "Beria is sharpening his knives". After dining, Beria would take the women into his soundproofed office and rape them. In 1919 he graduated from the Baku Polytechnical School for Mechanical Construction. The first page of Beria's notice (oversigned by Stalin), to kill approximately 15,000 Polish officers and some 10,000 more intellectuals in the Katyn Forest and other places in the Soviet Union Nestor Lakoba, Nikita Khrushchev, Lavrenti Beria and Aghasi Khanjian during the opening of the Moscow Metro in 1936. Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria was a Georgian, like Stalin, who called him ‘my Himmler’. Later, Beria returned to Georgia to work for the Soviet secret police, known as the Cheka – the Extraordinary Commission. In 1919, at the age of twenty, Beria started his career in state security when the security service of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic hired him while he was still a student at the Polytechnicum. Known for his violent, brutal, and ruthless measures, including kidnapping, torture, and rape, he advanced withi… It may have happened that way, but it seems unlikely. According to historian Amy Knight, "Smith noted that Beria's escapades were common knowledge among embassy personnel because his house was on the same street as a residence for Americans, and those who lived there saw girls brought to Beria's house late at night in a limousine."[59]. Märzjul./ 29. [30], Stalin's death prevented a final purge of Old Bolsheviks Mikoyan and Molotov, for which Stalin had been laying the groundwork in the year prior to his death. Pravda announced Beria’s fall on July 10th, crediting it to the initiative of Comrade Malenkov and referring to Beria’s ‘ criminal activities against the Party and the State’. [37][38], To consolidate power, Beria also took steps to recognise the rights of non-Russian nationalities. [54], Stalin, and other high-ranking Soviets, expressed distrust of Beria. [citation needed], One of the first such moves involved the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee affair, which commenced in October 1946 and eventually led to the murder of Solomon Mikhoels and the arrest of many other members. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, he was responsible for organising purges such as the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers and officials. [52], Women also submitted to Beria's sexual advances in exchange for the promise of freedom for imprisoned relatives. Abakumov had headed SMERSH from 1943 to 1946; his relationship with Beria involved close collaboration (since Abakumov owed his rise to Beria's support and esteem), but also rivalry. In February 1941, Beria became Deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and in June, following Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, he became a member of the State Defense Committee (GKO). Beria was a depraved sadist who personally tortured and killed many people. Beria is a minor character in the 2009 novel The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared by Jonas Jonasson. Pince-nez doré. stemming. In other international issues, Beria (along with Mikoyan) correctly foresaw the victory (1949–1950) of Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War and greatly helped the Chinese Communists by letting them use Soviet-occupied Manchuria as a staging area and arranging large weapons shipments to the People's Liberation Army, mainly from the recently captured equipment of the Japanese Kwantung Army. Join Facebook to connect with Lavrenti Beria and others you may know. They immediately burst in, seized Beria and manhandled him away. März 1899 greg. Stalin's security chief was executed on December 23rd, 1953. On 13 January 1953, the biggest anti-Semitic affair in the Soviet Union started with an article in Pravda – it began what became known as the Doctors' plot, in which a number of the country's prominent Jewish physicians were accused of poisoning top Soviet leaders and arrested. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 he was responsible for organizing the Katyn massacre. 1 History 1.1 Early Life 1.2 Political Career 2 See also Beria was born in Merkheuli, near Sukhum, in the Sukhum district of Kutaisi governorate of modern Georgia (then part of Imperial Russia). [57] According to Martin Sixsmith, in a BBC documentary, "Beria spent his nights having teenagers abducted from the streets and brought here for him to rape. [47] He was shot through the forehead by General Pavel Batitsky. Beria appears in the third episode ("Superbomb") of the four-part 2007 BBC docudrama series Nuclear Secrets, played by Boris Isarov. Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (or Beriya) is a Georgian politician and the current Chairman of the Central Committee of the Menshevik Party and Minister of War of Georgia. Sarkisov reported that after one woman rejected Beria's advances and ran out of his office, Sarkisov mistakenly handed her the flowers anyway. Yezhov was executed in 1940, and one account says he was personally strangled by Beria. [46] Beria was executed separately; he allegedly pleaded on his knees before collapsing to the floor wailing. En 1921, il … / 29. Beria undertook some measures of liberalisation immediately after Stalin's death. This fits an account from Khrushchev's perspective. Under Nikolai Yezhov, the NKVD carried out the Great Purge: the imprisonment or execution of millions of people throughout the Soviet Union as alleged "enemies of the people". Just like his boss Joseph Stalin, Lavrentiy Beria (1899 – 1953) was born and bred in Georgia. In August 1938, Stalin brought Beria to Moscow as deputy head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), the ministry which oversaw the state security and police forces. "He's off to take power," Mikoyan recalled muttering to Khrushchev. Beria was deprived of all titles and awards on December 23, 1953. Životopis. Transliteration Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija; * 17. © Copyright 2021 History Today Ltd. Company no. Similar investigations in Poland and other Soviet satellite countries occurred at the same time. Altogether, 14 Czechoslovak Communist leaders, 11 of them Jewish, were tried, convicted, and executed (see Slánský trial). In July 1945, as Soviet police ranks were converted to a military uniform system, Beria's rank was officially converted to that of Marshal of the Soviet Union. After the Red Army captured the city on 28 April 1920, Beria was saved from execution because there was not enough time to arrange his shooting and replacement; it may also have been that Sergei Kirov intervened. "[58], The testimony of Sarkisov and Nadaraia has been partially corroborated by Edward Ellis Smith, an American who served in the U.S. embassy in Moscow after the war. Rotfeld, Adam Daniel; Torkunov, Anatoly (2015). [citation needed]. [29] While the rest of Stalin's inner circle (even Molotov, saved from certain liquidation) stood sobbing unashamedly over the body, Beria reportedly appeared "radiant", "regenerated" and "glistening with ill-concealed relish". (eds). Initially, 37 men were arrested, but the number quickly grew into hundreds. On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested and held in an undisclosed location near Moscow. 17 March] 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security, and chief of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941. When the death sentence was passed, according to General Moskalenko, Beria fell to the floor and begged on his knees for mercy. Instead he took her to his dacha, where he offered to free her father and grandmother from prison if she submitted. Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (or Beriya) is a Georgian politician and the current Chairman of the Central Committee of the Menshevik Party and Minister of War of Georgia. On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested and held in an undisclosed location near Moscow. [citation needed], As "der Kleine Große Mann" Beria appears as the lover of one of the leading characters, Christine, in the 2014 novel Das achte Leben (Für Brilka) (translated as The Eighth Life (For Brilka)) by Nino Haratischwili. On 5 March 1940, after the Gestapo–NKVD Third Conference was held in Zakopane, Beria sent a note (no. [citation needed], Before and during the war, Beria directed Sarkisov to keep a list of the names and phone numbers of the women he had sex with. They arrived at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo at 03:00 on 2 March 1953, after being called by Khrushchev and Bulganin. WikiMatrix. Okunevskaya was arrested shortly afterwards and sentenced to solitary confinement in the Gulag, which she survived. Né en Géorgie dans une famille de paysans, Beria adhère au Parti communiste en 1917 à Bakou, où il obtient son diplôme d'architecte en 1919. [35] The Gulag system was transferred to the Ministry of Justice, and a mass release of over a million prisoners was announced, although only prisoners convicted for "non-political" crimes were released. Au Politburo, la chose était connue de tous : Lavrenti est un homme à femmes, ne rate pas une jupe. in Mercheuli bei Sochumi, Gouvernement Kutaissi, Russisches Kaiserreich, heute Georgien; † 23. . A special tribunal was set up. Abroad, Beria had met with Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on Japan and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria is the central character in Good Night, Uncle Joe by Canadian playwright David Elendune. After Stalin's death in March 1953, Beria became First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Lavrenti Pavlovitch Beria (Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria, en géorgien : ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია ; Lavrentiï Pavlovitch Beria, en russe : Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия), né le 29 mars 1899 à Merkheoul (Empire russe, actuelle république séparatiste d'Abkhazie) et mort le 23 décembre 1953 à … Lavrenti Beria; em russo Лаврентий Павлович Берия, Lavrenti Pavlovitch Beria; Abecásia, 29 de março de 1899 — Moscou, 23 de dezembro de 1953) foi um político soviético e chefe da NKVD na Geórgia. He became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1934. In fact Beria knew that Okunevskaya's relatives had been executed months earlier. During the postwar years, Beria supervised installation of Communist regimes in the countries of Eastern Europe and hand-picked the Soviet-backed leaders. Many of Beria's subordinates, proteges and associates were also arrested, among them Vsevolod Merkulov, Bogdan Kobulov, Sergey Goglidze, Vladimir Dekanozov, Pavel Meshik, and Lev Vlodzimirskiy. Richard Condon's 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate describes brainwashed Raymond Shaw, the "perfectly prefabricated assassin", as "this dream by Lavrenti Beria". The veteran Molotov and others chimed in against Beria and Khrushchev put a motion for his instant dismissal. Concurrently, the Soviet press began an anti-Semitic propaganda campaign, euphemistically termed the "struggle against rootless cosmopolitanism". He cemented his place in Stalin's entourage with a lengthy oration titled, "On the History of the Bolshevik Organisations in Transcaucasia" (later published as a book), which emphasised Stalin's role. He was an extremely controversial personality in the history of the USSR and went through a long political path full of … Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories. Voroshilov became Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e., the head of state). When Stalin fell unconscious again, Beria immediately stood and spat. He was born on March 29 (March 17 according to the Julian calendar), 1899, to a poor Megrel (an ethnic group of Georgians) family in the village of Merkheuli, … The accused were allowed no representation and no appeal. He would point out young women to be taken to his mansion, where wine and a feast awaited them. He first turned to Georgia, where Stalin's fabricated Mingrelian affair was called off and the republic's key posts were replaced by pro-Beria Georgians. Beria was second most powerful, and given Malenkov's personal weakness, was poised to become the power behind the throne and ultimately leader himself. Involved in revolutionary activities from his teens and head of the secret police in Georgia in his twenties, he supervised the ruthless 1930s purges in the region and arrived in Moscow in 1938 as deputy to Nikolai Yezhov, ‘the blood-thirsty dwarf’, head of the Soviet secret police. Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Konev was the chairman of the court. After being arrested, he was tried for treason and other offenses, sentenced to death, and executed on 23 December 1953. Lawrenti Beria Lawrenti Pawlowitsch Beria (georgisch ლავრენტი ბერია; russisch Лаврéнтий Пáвлович Бéрия; wiss. [50] Beria’s execution was hailed by Georgy Zhukov, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Semyon Timoshenko, Nikolai Bulganin, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Kliment Voroshilov, Semyon Budyonny and Rodion Malinovsky who at the time all held the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, as well as Vasily Chuikov, who like Batitsky was a future Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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