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If thou art tossed by the waves of pride or ambition, detraction or envy, look to the star, call upon Mary. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. He wanted to excel in literature in order to take up the study of the Bible. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis, bishop of Paris. [6], The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux, which had so profound an influence on Western monasticism, grew rapidly. [12] Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia. Illustrious persons were buried at Clairvaux in the livery of the poor of Christ, among them Henry of France, brother of King Louis VII; Alexander of Cologne, who was later one of the successors of St. Bernard of Clairvaux; Henry Murdach who became Abbot of Vauclair and later Archbishop of York; Philip, Archdeacon of Liège, etc. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his great admiration and sincere friendship. [6] In 1113 Stephen Harding had just succeeded Alberic as third Abbot of Cîteaux when Bernard and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy sought admission into the monastery. Bernard de Clairvaux (cunoscut și ca Sfântul Bernard, n. 1091, d. 21 august 1153, Clairvaux) a fost un călugăr și conte de Châtillon. August 20, ... call upon Mary. Aliases: Św. In the meantime Cluny established a reform, and Abbot Suger, the minister of Louis VI of France, was converted by the Apology of Bernard. There is perhaps no better way to enjoy Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux than by booking a nearby Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux hotel! The bishops made Bernard secretary of the council, and charged him with drawing up the synodal statutes. He was the first Cistercian placed on the calendar of saints, and was canonized by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174. The passing of Pope Eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. Many letters, treatises, and other works, falsely attributed to him survive, and are now referred to as works by pseudo-Bernard. [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. This led for a time to the exaltation of human reason and rationalism. The influence of the Abbot of Clairvaux was soon felt in provincial affairs. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 - 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. Bernard did not reject human philosophy which is genuine philosophy, which leads to God; he differentiates between different kinds of knowledge, the highest being theological. That was St. Bernard of Menthon, not the Cistercian reformer of the 12 th Century. Updates? From the beginning of the year 1153, Bernard felt his death approaching. Bernard was only nineteen years of age when his mother died. He is a Roman Catholic saint. Bernard's letter to the archbishop of Sens was seen as a real treatise, "De Officiis Episcoporum." The reputation of his holiness soon attracted 130 new monks, including his own father. 7 The Mystical Theology ofSaint Bernard(LondonShee: d & Ward, 1940)viii; Ulrich Köpf, Religiöse Erfahrung in der Theologie Bernhards von Clairvaux (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, e1980) 8J;. At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting the preeminent logician. It was a time when Bernard was experiencing what he apprehended as the divine in a mystical and intuitive manner. [4], The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were trying and painful. [6], Bernard was instrumental in re-emphasizing the importance of lectio divina and contemplation on Scripture within the Cistercian order. This caused the pope to be recognized by all the great powers. [6] His father and all his brothers entered Clairvaux to pursue religious life, leaving only Humbeline, his sister, in the secular world. Overview of France's Clairvaux Abbey, with a discussion of the Cistercian order. Bernard z Clairvaux, Saint Bernard de Clairvaux, ברנר מקלרבו, ברנרד מקלרבו, ברנר מקלרוו, 베르나르두스, 클레르보의 베르나르도, 클레르보의 성 베르나르도, 클레르보의 베르나르두스, San Bernardo de Claraval, Bernardo de Fontaine, Bernardo, San Bernardo di … It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish … At the age of nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. [13] Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise the Book of Considerations, the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the Church ought to commence with the sanctity of the pope. [6], So great was his reputation that princes and Popes sought his advice, and even the enemies of the Church admired the holiness of his life and the greatness of his writings. Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years spent in the cloister. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. [4] William yielded and the schism ended. Around this time, he praised them in his Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae. James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. Pope Benedict XVI. Though not yet 30 years old, Bernard was listened to with the greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. Four brothers, an uncle, two cousins, an architect, and two seasoned monks under the leadership of Bernard endured extreme deprivations for well over a decade before Clairvaux was self-sufficient. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. That dog breed did not receive its namesake from St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard expanded upon Anselm of Canterbury's role in transmuting the sacramentally ritual Christianity of the Early Middle Ages into a new, more personally held faith, with the life of Christ as a model and a new emphasis on the Virgin Mary. In addition to these victories, Bernard also had his trials. Cardinal Harmeric, on behalf of the pope, wrote Bernard a sharp letter of remonstrance stating, "It is not fitting that noisy and troublesome frogs should come out of their marshes to trouble the Holy See and the cardinals."[4]. [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. He subsequently denounced the teachings of Peter Abelard to the pope, who called a council at Sens in 1141 to settle the matter. Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. In a letter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, “It is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter’s.” and “Anacletus has not even a good reputation with his friends, while Innocent is illustrious beyond all doubt.”, Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. Download books for free. Bernard's entry at Catholic Encyclopedia This page … He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. Bernard of Clairvaux on the Life of the Mind, John R. Sommerfeldt, Newman Press (2004) ISBN 0809142031 ISBN 9780809142033, p. 67 „I rejoiced so greatly when I heard of your answer in the case of some who seemed to be filled with extravagant ambition Hasten to appease the anger of heaven, but no longer implore its goodness by vain complaints. However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last guide, in Divine Comedy, as he travels through the Empyrean. [citation needed], John Calvin quotes Bernard several times[22] in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide,[23] which Martin Luther described as the article upon which the church stands or falls. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. [26], Bernard "noted centuries ago: the people who are their own spiritual directors have fools for disciples. selected, with a preface, by. Latin text by J. L eclercq, H. R ochais, and C h. H. T albot. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Bernard of Clairvaux, saint, ascetic, founder of numerous abbeys and crusade preacher, was a powerful man of the Church and a 12th century trailblazer. His texts are prescribed readings in Cistercian congregations. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. St. Bernard: De Maria numquam satis. Innocent II, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. Piety was his all, says Bossuet. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, was a monk who spent most of his time out of the cloister, a spiritual man who seemed always embroiled in politics and a man of peace who convinced thousands to fight and die for their faith. [10], In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny the pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Some of these, at the command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey, from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. Saint Bernard de Clairvaux “The Virgin’s name was Mary“, (Lk.1:27) which means ‘Star of the Sea.’This admirably befits the Virgin Mother. He also preached against Catharism. At the age of 22, while Bernard was at prayer in a church, he felt the calling of God to enter the monastery of Cîteaux. It was here that his first writings evolved. It was here, also, that he produced a small but complete treatise on Mariology (study of doctrines and dogmas concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. [5], In 1098 Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey, near Dijon, with the purpose of restoring the Rule of St Benedict in all its rigour. There are many who believe that it was his championship of the Templars that made their survival possible. Born in what is now considered France at Fontaines near Dijon in 1090 or 1091, his father, Tecelin or Tesselin, was a knight who died in the First Crusade, as well as a friend and vassal of the Duke of Burgundy. Bernard of Clairvaux (French saint, Cistercian abbot, and writer, 1090-1153) The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. St. Bernard of Clairvaux (feast day is August 20th) After writing a eulogy for the new military order of the Knights Templar, he would write about the fundamentals of Christian spiritual life, namely the contemplation and imitation of Christ, which he expressed in his sermons “The Steps of Humility” and “The Love of God.”. His sermons, from which there are many excerpts in the Breviary, are conspicuous for genuine emotion and spiritual unction. Amour sacré, fin’amor: Bernard de Clairvaux et les troubadours.Philosophes médiévaux 60. However, Abelard continued to develop his teachings, which were controversial in some quarters. Bernard, informed of this by William of St-Thierry, is said to have held a meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. The regimen was so austere that Bernard became ill, and only the influence of his friend William of Champeaux and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate the austerities. Henry of Lausanne, a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of the Petrobrusians, followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. On the death of Pope Honorius II on 13 February 1130, a schism arose in the church. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. (Of Mary, never enough!) There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. One time he restored the power of speech to an old man that he might confess his sins before he died. [15] Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. Another time, while he slept in an inn, a prostitute was introduced naked beside him, and he saved his chastity by running. St Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter Abelard. [5] During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. Bernard had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. Bernard had observed that when lectio divina was neglected monasticism suffered. Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard. … She, I say, is that shining and brilliant star, needed so much, set in place above life’s great and spacious sea, glittering with merits, all aglow with examples for our imitation. Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the most interesting and influential people of his time. Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard [fr], both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of his life". As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical French monk named Radulphe was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Radulphe claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land. Bernard was the third of seven children, six of whom were sons. He protested his profound esteem for the Benedictines of Cluny whom he declared he loved equally as well as the other religious orders. Find books 1473. Disciples flocked to it in great numbers and put themselves under the direction of Bernard. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, (born 1090, probably Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy [France]—died August 20, 1153, Clairvaux, Champagne; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20), Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae, representing the combined will of earth and heaven, https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ, List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, patron saint archive, "Monuments historiques : Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard", "Sermon XIII: The Believers Concern, to pray for Faith", Audio on the life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Database with all known medieval representations of Bernard, "Here Followeth the Life of St. Bernard, the Mellifluous Doctor", "Two Accounts of the Early Career of St. Bernard", Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot, Doctor of the Church-1153, Lewis E 26 De consideratione (On Consideration) at OPenn, MS 484/11 Super cantica canticorum at OPenn, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvaux&oldid=996407825, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 12:18. Under pressure from his ecclesiastical superiors and his friends, notably the bishop and scholar William of Champeaux, he retired to a hut near the monastery and to the discipline of a quack physician. 12/26/2020 In accordance with provincial restrictions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto are temporarily cancelled. Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. He then found Radulphe in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery.[21]. King and monk stood together, representing the combined will of earth and heaven. Henry I was sceptical because most of the bishops of England supported Antipope Anacletus II; Bernard persuaded him to support Innocent. Having previously helped end the schism within the church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. The enthusiasm of the assembly of Clermont in 1095, when Peter the Hermit and Urban II launched the first crusade, was matched by the holy fervor inspired by Bernard as he cried, "O ye who listen to me! On the death of Honorius II, which occurred on 14 February 1130, a schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II. By 1119 the Cistercians had a charter approved by Pope Calixtus II for nine abbeys under the primacy of the abbot of Cîteaux. During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, who saw in him the predestined man, servum Dei. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade[6] and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. Bernard took his time in terminating his domestic affairs and in persuading his brothers and some 25 companions to join him. St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. After the council of Étampes, Bernard spoke with King Henry I of England, also known as Henry Beauclerc, about Henry I's reservations regarding Pope Innocent II. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him the schism ended. They are characterized by repetition of references to the Church Fathers and by the use of analogues, etymologies, alliterations, and biblical symbols, and they are imbued with resonance and poetic genius. [12] Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before the debate, swaying many of them to his view. Bernard de Clairvaux. The monastery, however, made rapid progress. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Saint Bernard of Menthon, Eternal Word Television Network - Biography of Staint Bernard of Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Franciscan Media - Biography of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Bernard of Clairvaux - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. It was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the regulations of the Charter of Charity, which Pope Callixtus II confirmed on 23 December 1119. abbot president of the english benedictine congregation . By Sr. JosephMary f.t.i. He is labeled the "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. [6], Many miracles were attributed to his intercession. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Bernard was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. It contains the rules and laws for life within their chivalric military order. [17] The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Aleth’s death, in 1107, so affected Bernard that he claimed that this is when his “long path to complete conversion” began. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was a French abbot, confessor, saint, and Doctor of the Church. St. Bernard of Clairvaux is clearly one of the greatest preachers of all time. As in the olden scene, the cry "Deus vult! author of “henry viii. Saouma, Brigitte. rolled over the fields, and was echoed by the voice of the orator: "Cursed be he who does not stain his sword with blood. Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 91-1153), Mary Blessed Virgin, Saint, Malachy Saint (1094?-1148), Jesus Christ, Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 1091-1153), Bernard, de Clairvaux Saint (1090 ou 91-1153), Bridget of Sweden, Saint (ca. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 1303-1373), Eugene III Pope (d. 1153), Benedict Saint, Abbot of Monte Cassino, Malachy Saint, Marie Sainte Vierge, Victor Saint, Confessor Bernard died at the age of 63, after 40 years as a monk. Bernard is said to have flung off his own robe and began tearing it into strips to make more. [28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. He takes his name from a monastery he founded … ... De Maria numquam satis. In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Bernard traveled in southern France. Bernard considered lectio divina and contemplation guided by the Holy Spirit the keys to nourishing Christian spirituality. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by the end of that year. This letter made a positive impression on Harmeric, and in the Vatican. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine, from the cause of Anacletus.[5]. To many, St. Bernard is known as the Mellifluous … [25], One day, to cool down his lustful temptation, Bernard threw himself into ice-cold water. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. During his youth, he did not escape trying temptations and around this time he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard. [3] In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar,[a] which soon became the ideal of Christian nobility.

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