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This battle was described in the Song of Ludwig (Ludwigslied). [8], When the Vikings settled on the banks of the Rhine delta, they had a competitive advantage as traders, because their outstanding shipbuilding technology enabled them to overcome strong[currents]] like those of the Rhine, so they were able to ship goods quickly. Reginherus sent emissaries to Charles indicating he was open to negotiations. They came in quick in their superior longships, plundered, killed, raped and burned and just as quickly left the devastated towns and monasteries. Recognizing that there was no hope of military supremacy over his opponents, Charles proposed a deal to Rollo: the Viking chief would receive land and the king's daughter, Gisla, as a bride in exchange for converting to Christianity and becoming Charles' faithful vassal and protector of the realm. The raid led by Ragnar as depicted in the show has little in common with Reginherus' actual raid on Paris in 845 CE though elements of this raid were used in Season 3 when Ragnar's army acts as mercenaries for Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and attacks the weaker Mercian army on one side of a river while the rest of the Mercian forces, on the other side, can only look on helplessly. Jul 24, 2017 - Viking Raids in France. (2018, November 13). Their request was denied and so the Vikings laid siege to the city. The Danes were the original “Vikings”. Charlemagne put a stop to this in 798 CE but when Saxony was conquered in 804 CE, the Danish king Godfred attacked and ably took Frisia from the Franks. Once the memory of Saint Germain's supposed retribution faded from Viking memory, the large sum paid to Reginherus encouraged others to strike at the regions of Francia. The Vikings accepted the money and did as he proposed but the people of Paris were disgusted with Charles' tactic. In time, and after further unrest, this stability would enable West Francia to prosper under the reign of Hugh Capet (987-996 CE) founder of the Kingdom of France, precursor to the modern nation. The Vikings then moved further up the Rhine. Scholar Lars Brownworth writes: With your help we create free content that helps millions of people learn history all around the world. Mystery of History Volume 2, Lesson 39 #MOHII39 Because the modern state of Rhineland-Palatinate lies south of the Moselle, the low mountain range of the Eifel north of the river is usually seen as belonging to the Rhineland. Abbo relates how Sigfried met under truce with the bishop of the city, Gauzelin, and Count Odo to offer them terms but these were rejected. The bulk of the raids came from Denmark, Southern Norway and Sweden (the areas around the Kattegat and Skagerakk sea areas). The Parisians bought the raiders off with 7,000 pounds of silver. Thank you! Books The tower was defended by Frankish troops led by Odo and his younger brother Robert (later Robert I, r. 922-923) and held; the Vikings were driven back to their ships. To ward off the attacks, Charlemagne set up a march on the northern border of his empire, the name of today's state of Denmark being derived from it. The Viking raids on Paris are depicted in the TV series Vikings in which Ragnar Lothbrok assaults the city and takes it (Season 3) and Rollo later defends it (Season 4). The Vikings advancing to Metz were met on 11 April 882 by an army led by the Bishop of Metz, Wala, the Archbishop of Trier, Bertulf, and Count Adalhard II of Metz in the Battle of Remich. A fleet of Viking longships sailed up the River Seine heading for eastern France and new lands and cities to plunder, When they reached Paris the Vikings offered to spare the city if they were allowed free passage up the river. Norwegian Vikings. Their focus was put on France, England, and the Mediterranean parts of the world. After the defeat of Saxony (772–804) the empire of Charlemagne extended to the mouth of the Elbe and beyond. #Viking Age #VikingHistory #FrenchHistory To the south of the Viking homelands lay the tempting target of West Frankia. The raid led by Ragnar as depicted in the show has little in common with Reginherus' actual raid on Paris in 845 CE though elements of this raid were used in Season 3 when Ragnar’s army acts as mercenaries for Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and attac… The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The city was being attacked by the Norsemen who have been scavenging the area for the past 4 years, yet who had never tried taking over the city of Paris. [13] Among the monastery's greatest treasures was one of the most precious relics of Western Christianity, the Sandals of Christ, which were carried to safety before the Viking onslaught. In 843 AD, the Frankish Empire was divided into three kingdoms. In 862, Vikings attacked up the Rhine for the first time and plundered Cologne. Ancient History Encyclopedia. In autumn 883 they landed in Frisia, rowed up the Rhine with Godfrid's consent and set up camp near Duisburg. At one stretch the Seine was lined with vessels for more than two leagues, so that one might ask in astonishment in what cavern the river had been swallowed up, for nothing was visible there, since ships covered that river as if with oak trees, elms, and alders. Rollo agreed to this proposal and the Treaty of Saint Clair sur Epte was signed in 911 CE. Apart from Aachen, Prüm was the cultural centre of the Frankish Empire. [19], Charles III besieged the Normans with his army at a safe distance and, after twelve days, began negotiations with thems. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Charles was crowned king in 893 CE by the West Francia nobles but held no real power as long as Odo was still king. When the Vikings came up the Seine, defense of the city was in the hands of Odo, Count of Paris (later King of West Francia, 888-898 CE) who would become the Frankish hero of the siege of 885-886 CE. This part of the Viking History Series deals with the Vikings raids on France, England, Ireland, Spain and etc. As a result, important sites of Carolingian culture are located here. On their return journey, the same group again demanded payment of a sum of money, which the destitute citizens of Cologne could not afford, whereupon the city was burned to the ground. (104). In the late 700s, the Vikings invaded the British Isles, including areas of Ireland and Scotland. To the west its boundary is less well defined, but in general parlance it runs beyond the present state border with the Netherlands, i.e. The survivors retreated to their ships and withdrew. In addition to these cities, numerous monasteries were also destroyed, together with entire libraries in which collections of writings from several centuries had been preserved. They first set their sights on France after carrying out several successful raids across England. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Viking_Raids_on_Paris/. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. A Timeline of Viking Raids and Attacks Green shows subject to Viking Raids (Wikimedia Commons) Go to years: 793_to_799 802_to_895 900_to_994 1000_to_1263 Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. [16][17], After his return from Italy, Emperor Charles III held an Imperial Diet at Worms in May 882, and raised a large army, in which Franks, Bavarians, Swabians, Thuringians, Saxons, Frisians and Lombards participated. In March of the same year the Vikings of Ragnar Lodbrog sailed up the Seine and plundered Paris. The Kingdom of West Francia under Charles the Bald, therefore, became an easy source of income for the Vikings. In any case, they were very mobile, something that was aided by being able to utilise the old Roman roads of the Rhineland on the left bank of the Rhine. The raiders had no idea what to expect, however, and were quickly defeated by the shore guard. One of the first Viking kings to be baptized was Harald Klak who, in 826, became a vassal of King Louis the German at Ingelheim am Rhein and was baptized in Mainz with his wife and son. Once again, they devastated numerous villages that had just been rebuilt. Previously, the Vikings had raided England (Lindisfarne, 793) and Ireland (Dublin, 795). For the celebrations he was accompanied by numerous armoured knights; thus many of his best armed warriors were not available to defend their homeland in the winter of 881. The Vikings left behind under the leadership of Sigfrid in Ascloha were initially discouraged from further pillaging by payments of money.[2]. The Frankish king Charles the Bald assembled a smaller army in response but after the Vikings … [20] Near Mainz, the Vikings were defeated by an army under Count Henry of Babenberg and the Archbishop of Mainz, Liutbert (episcopate 863–889);[2] they probably set fire to Cologne afterwards. The Franks spent the night repairing damage to the tower's walls and, in the morning, the Vikings struck again and were again repelled. raids on the Dordogne river system have been largely ignored. [12], A band of peasants from the area resisted the attackers, but were massacred. Thus, because of the imperial coronation of Charles III in Rome, the population of the Rhine was almost defenceless and at the mercy of the Vikings' attack, and fleeing was the best course of action to save lives and goods. The ease with which Godfred had been able to subdue Frisia, the lure of the wealth of the Franks, and possibly the need to avenge those killed in the Saxon Wars, encouraged other Scandinavian leaders to try their hand at invading Francia. Much of the expected treasure had been carried away into the surrounding countryside by the frightened inhabitants. Attached to the monastery was a hospital and an important monastic school in which the offspring of the Frankish nobility were educated. This seems to have been according to plan as the Vikings understood the most valuable loot – and citizens – would be in church and easily taken. Charles the Bald assembled an army quickly and mobilized them on either side of the river to protect the city but the two divisions were unequal in number. As early as summer 882, Godfrid returned to the Rhineland with an army reinforced from his homeland for a second raid and devastated Cologne, Bonn and Andernach. [2], On 6 January 882, Three Kings' Day, a detachment of Vikings which, according to historical reports, was about 300 strong, attacked the largest Frankish abbey, Prüm in the Eifel mountains. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The first of these, in which the Norse chieftain Reginherus (one of the possible inspirations for the legendary Ragnar Lothbrok) was paid handsomely by Charles the Bald (r. 843-877 CE) to leave the city, encouraged more; the second, after which the Viking Chieftain Rollo (l. c. 830 - c. 930 CE) remained in the land to raid the countryside, resulted in the Treaty of Saint Clair sur Epte in 911 CE, granting Rollo the land which would become Normandy (land of the Norsemen) in exchange for his protection against any future Viking raids. The tactics employed by Louis the Pious, Lothar, Charles the Bald, and Charles the Fat established clear precedents for the gift of lands around Rouen and the lower Seine…Even so, it is hard not to sympathize with them, in particular with the two Charleses who made the most active use of the policy, or to see what alternatives they had. By this time at the latest, the first contacts with the Vikings who, like the Saxons, worshipped pagan gods, took place. The old Roman cities of Trier, Cologne, Xanten and Bonn were also located in the Rhineland and were used by the Franks as centres of trading and episcopal seats. There was nothing romantic about the Vikings’ visits to Paris in the 9th century, but their journeys transformed an island market town into the capital of France. It is probable that Rollo was involved in this raid, if not its leader, and Charles was again helpless in preventing the Vikings from plundering the land and taking people captive to either sell or ransom back. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The city of Paris, situated on the small island Île de la Cité will wake up to the sounds of the city bell. As long as Charlemagne lived, however, they had little hope of success but after his death there was no real challenge to Danish incursions. [2][12], The King of East Francia, Louis III raised an army and rushed to help the Rhinelanders. They established a settlement in Ireland, known as Dublin. As there was no bridge across the Seine at this point, the rest of Charles' army could do nothing to stop Reginherus and he sailed on to Paris, reaching the city on Easter Sunday. Viking Raids on Paris. However, their violent resistance and resultant Viking casualties caused the invaders to turn back, and they retreated north through the Eifel towards their army encampment. License. Mark, published on 13 November 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The treaty between Charles and Rollo established the first period of lasting peace since the Kingdom of West Francia was founded in 843 CE and provided the basis for a stable region. 795-806: Viking raids In Europe. 841: Asgeir's fleet sails up the River Seine (from 12th May), takes the city of Rouen (14th May) and burns it down. The Frankish king had been collecting reinforcements, and was now at the head of a considerable army in a position to block the Viking escape. On 20 January, the king died unexpectedly in Frankfurt, whereupon the army he led against the Vikings was disbanded. Viking Brittany refers to the Viking occupation of Brittany during the High Middle Ages. Web. Louis the German (r. 843-876 CE) received East Francia, Lothair (r. 843-855 CE) took Middle Francia, and Charles the Bald would rule West Francia. These contacts were often warlike in nature. Charles' deal with Reginherus marks “the first recorded example of the danegeld payment, a money-with-menaces tactic that the Vikings would later employ with great success in England” (Ferguson, 96). The Vikings were back in the region in 851-852 CE under the leadership of Asgeir who looted and plundered at will from a base they established at Rouen. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. His campaigns against the people of Saxony were especially brutal and epitomized by the Massacre of Verden in 782 CE when he had 4,200 Saxons executed; an event remarked on even by his own Frankish historians who struggled to cast it in a positive light. They could send out raiding parties in search of it but that opened them to the possibility of ambush or an assault by Charles' army. The siege was the most important event of the reign of Charles the Fat, and a turning point in the fortunes of the Carolingian dynasty and the history of France. Since Vikings had also settled in Ireland, England and Russia at the same time, trade goods expanded to include products from and beyond the more distant regions. Peran; Pont de l’Arche; Viking Raids in the Rhineland; Religion. The siege is the subject of an eyewitness account in the Latin poem Bella Parisiacae urbis of Abbo Cernuus. Louis III defeated the Vikings in 881 near Saucourt at the river Somme. War was inevitable. As a result, the Vikings often captured entire towns, villages and monasteries without fighting. [11], The Normans, presumably from Denmark, probably also carried horses on their Viking ships. Regino of Prüm records numerous victims among the population, but Archbishop Bertulf of Trier managed to escape to Metz with a few of his followers. The abbey burned down to the ground, "since there was no one left alive to fight the fire". Following the Siege of Paris 885-886 CE, Rollo remained in West Francia raiding up and down the Seine. It took two months for Charles to raise the money, during which time the Vikings suffered from dysentery within and around the walls of Paris. The first Viking raid in Francia came in 820 CE when 13 ships made their way up the Seine & put ashore. After this division of the empire, almost all areas of the former great empire experienced conflicts over power of a civil warlike nature. 820: Thirteen ships reach the Seine Bay. 17 oct. 2013 - Map of Viking Raids in France: 9th - 10th Centuries Rollo resigned as ruler of Normandy in 927 CE, dying in c. 930 CE and Charles would remain in captivity until his death in 929 CE but each man would leave behind a legacy of stability and freedom from Viking raids in West Francia for the first time since the reigns of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. Although these defences reduced the number of Viking raids, they did not stop them completely. The city itself proved to be [frustrating for the Vikings]. The inability of the Frankish king Charles the Bald , and later Charles the Simple , to prevent these Viking incursions forced them to offer vast payments of silver and gold to prevent any further pillage. The Vikings then turned their aggression eastwards towards the Rhineland. Horik had earlier sent a fleet of ships up the River Elbe to attack East Francia, burning and sacking Hamburg, but failing to achieve his objectives. by Medieval Warfare Magazine / Karwansaray Publishers (Copyright), by Jonathan Hession (Copyright, fair use). Clive Standen as Rollo of Normandyby Jonathan Hession (Copyright, fair use). The situation changed when the so-called Great Heathen Army suffered a severe defeat in 878 at Edington in southwest England at the hands of King Alfred the Great (reigned 871-899) and his army suffered a severe defeat. [2], Trade and navigation on the Rhine between 864 and 881, Raids on cultural centres in the Aachen area, 884 Frankish campaign against the Vikings. Oct 17, 2013 - Map of Viking Raids in France: 9th - 10th Centuries By 926, thirteen of these payments have been documented in the Frankish Empire. The first Viking raid came in 820 CE when 13 ships made their way up the Seine and put ashore. Charlemagne spent the greater part of his reign in military conquest, consolidating his power and that of the church. Abbo describes the arrival of the Viking fleet as seen from the walls of the city: The Northmen came to Paris with 700 sailing ships, not counting those of smaller size which are commonly called barques. Scholar Robert Ferguson comments: It seems obvious now that policies of appeasement and alliance with individual Viking leaders only encouraged them to push harder. The first Viking raid to strike Francia via the Seine came in 820 CE and more would follow, the most dramatic being the Siege of Paris in 845 CE and 885-886 CE. In 870, following the Treaty of Meersen, the Rhineland was assigned to East Francia. Mark, Joshua J. There is also no evidence that the Vikings in the raids of 845 CE or 885-886 CE dismantled their ships and carried them overland to come at the city from above; though it has been established that Vikings did do this at other times in other places for various reasons. Once Reginherus had been paid, he made his way back down the Seine – burning and looting as he went – and back home to present his victory, captives, and other spoils to King Horik of Denmark. As they went, they plundered villages and towns or extorted money from their inhabitants (Brandschatzung). The Viking rampage only ended when Charles paid them 5,000 pounds silver to go home. Abbo writes: Meanwhile Paris was suffering not only from the sword outside but also from a pestilence within which brought death to many noble men. When Ragnar and his raiders return to Paris in Season 4, Rollo has built towers for defense and stretched a chain across the Seine. This was the middle kingdom that ran from the North Sea to the Mediterranean Sea with no border crossings between East and West Francia. Many inhabitants of the affected regions were carted off as slaves.[1]. Unable to take the tower or breach the city walls, the Vikings settled in for a long siege. The Rhineland was also affected by this. [9], The situation changed when the so-called Great Heathen Army suffered a severe defeat in 878 at Edington in southwest England at the hands of King Alfred the Great (reigned 871-899) and his army suffered a severe defeat. In late December 881, they plundered the imperial abbey of Kornelimünster, not far from Aachen, as well as the monasteries of Stablo and Malmedy in the Ardennes. The imperial monastery of St. Maximin and the abbeys of St. Martin [de] and St. Symphorian, north of the ancient city wall, were destroyed; the latter never being rebuilt. This shook the essence of Frankish culture. Similar raids affected the Scandinavian regions where the Vikings had originally settled: the British Isles, Baltic Sea region, Russia and the Mediterranean region. In the course of February and March 882 they attacked as far as Koblenz, pillaging and murdering, but the city was able to resist them thanks to strong fortifications dating back to Roman times. The nobility pressured Odo to relinquish his reign and he steadily lost power but died before it could be taken from him; Charles then took the throne without opposition in 898 CE. To the north were the Vikings, a disparate assortment of raiders and traders emerging from ice-bound Scandinavia, pillaging their neighbors before retreating to winter quarters. Following the death of Charles the Bald in 877 CE, the throne was held by his successors until the last one died in 884 CE without an heir and the nobles of West Francia invited Charles the Fat (youngest son of Louis the German) to reign. During this time, the Vikings attacked the Frankish Empire sailing their ships up the big rivers from the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Horik's men had burned churches and monasteries in Hamburg just as Reginherus had attacked the abbey of St. Germain and of St.  Bertin in West Francia and news of the Frankish saint's alleged intervention was hardly welcome. Still, the raiders kept coming and in 876 CE a fleet of 100 ships sailed up the Seine to burn and loot the region around Rouen. Of particular note are the city of Aachen, where Charlemagne had his imperial palace built, and also the Benedictine abbey in Prüm – the latter mainly because of its scriptorium and associated library. The Saxons appealed to the Danes for help and Denmark did what it could. Written by Joshua J. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The defeated Vikings then set off for continental Europe and transferred their theatre of war to the coastal region of the English Channel, Northern France and Flanders. Viking raids extended deep into the Frankish territory, and included the sacking of many prominent towns such as Rouen, Paris and the abbey at Jumièges.

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